Make-up flow – why the same solution of gas chromatography don’t apply to liquid chromatography?

>> August 31, 2009

For those who don’t know, the evolution from Gas Chromatography (GC) columns from packed to capillary wasn’t a smooth change. The packet columns with 1/8” diameter were a widespread application and many of them using the traditional Flame Ionization Detector (FID) at that time.
When the capillary columns came to market the conversion from one column diameter to other needed also detector adaptations, mainly, because FID were optimized to work with a flow of 30 ml/min coming from column and it dropped to 2 ml/min in a capillary column. The solution was to make-up the column flow with a Nitrogen stream.
The same situation happens in HPLC with column diameters less than 4.0 mm. However, to do a make-up flow in HPLC is not a very common practice. This situation has a drawback:
The FID signal is proportional to mass, not concentration. The UV-Vis (most used in HPLC) is the inverse.
This means that one answer to “why narrow columns give sharper peaks” is that: because the peaks are less diluted in mobile-phase. When you make-up the flow, the “peak” become more diluted and less intense and broader.
However, we can find uses of make-up flow in literature, most of them for adjust the pH of mobile-phase before detection, like in Electrospray in which the analyte needs to be ionized.

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